Review and analysis of demonstration projects on power-to-X pathways in the world

Abstract : Transforming the energy system towards more sustainability can only be achieved through a combination of low-carbon energy, energy efficiency, and the coupling of energy sectors. In this context, the application of Power-to-Hydrogen concepts for managing demand, providing seasonal storage, and linking elements between different sectors has attracted significant interest during the last decade. Demonstration is a key first step towards large-scale market introduction. This paper presents the results of a review of 192 Power-to-X demo projects in 32 countries. Results show that the features of demonstrations have evolved significantly over the years: electrolysis capacity has increased, both for PEM and alkaline systems, and the potential for balancing and ancillary services is increasingly investigated via grid-connected demos. The scope of Hydrogen-to-X pathways has also evolved over the years, mainly to include industry applications. This work was carried out under the umbrella of Task 38 of the IEA Hydrogen Technology Collaboration Programme.