Comparing strategies for improving efficiencies in vacuum processed Cu$_2$ZnSnSe$_4$ solar cells
Abstract
In this study, we detail a Cu$_2$ZnSnSe$_4$ based solar cell fabrication process based on
the selenization of metallic precursor stacks with elemental Se. 9.4% efficient
devices without antireflection coating have been obtained. First, reproducibility
issues of the process are carefully shown and discussed. It is demonstrated that
device performances are strongly impacted by the precise control of the precursor
composition. Then, starting from this robust process, a review of existing strategies
to improve kesterite efficiencies is conducted. A significant increase in efficiency
(+1.4% absolute efficiency and +50 mV V$_{OC}$) is obtained with absorber surface
treatment and post-annealing, while no effect of Ge incorporation in the precursor
stack is observed. This contradictory result to most of the recent publications raises
the question of the universality of this strategy to improve kesterite solar cell performance. Finding a universal activation step to boost kesterite efficiencies and bring it to the market remains a crucial need for the community
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