S. S. Lim, T. Vos, A. D. Flaxman, G. Danaei, K. Shibuya et al.,

L. Vijayakumar, R. Weintraub, M. M. Weissman, R. A. White, H. Whiteford et al., A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study, Lancet, vol.380, pp.2224-2260, 2010.

G. Yang, Y. Wang, Y. Zeng, G. F. Gao, X. Liang et al., Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study, vol.381, pp.1987-2015, 1990.

J. Lelieveld, J. S. Evans, M. Fnais, D. Giannadaki, and A. Pozzer, The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale, Nature, vol.525, pp.367-371, 2015.

T. Ohara, H. Akimoto, J. Kurokawa, N. Horii, K. Yamaji et al., An Asian emission inventory of anthropogenic emission sources for the period 1980-2020, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.7, pp.4419-4444, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00296319

Y. Lei, Q. Zhang, K. B. He, and D. G. Streets, Primary anthropogenic aerosol emission trends for China, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.11, pp.931-954, 1990.

R. Wang, S. Tao, W. T. Wang, J. F. Liu, H. Shen et al., Black carbon emissions in China from 1949 to 2050, Environ. Sci. Technol, vol.46, pp.7595-7603, 2012.

H. Shen, Y. Huang, R. Wang, D. Zhu, W. Li et al., Global atmospheric emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from 1960 to 2008 and future predictions, Environ. Sci. Technol, vol.47, pp.6415-6424, 2013.

Y. Huang, H. Shen, H. Chen, R. Wang, Y. Zhang et al., Quantification of global primary emissions of PM 2.5 , PM 10 , and TSP from combustion and industrial process sources, Environ. Sci. Technol, vol.48, pp.13834-13843, 2014.

J. Liu, D. L. Mauzerall, Q. Chen, Q. Zhang, Y. Song et al., Air pollutant emissions from Chinese households: A major and underappreciated ambient pollution source, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.113, pp.7756-7761, 2016.

H. Shen, S. Tao, J. Liu, Y. Huang, H. Chen et al., Global lung cancer risk from PAH exposure highly depends on emission sources and individual susceptibility, Sci. Rep, vol.4, p.6561, 2014.

, National Statistics Yearbook, 2013.

M. Ru, S. Tao, K. Smith, G. Shen, H. Shen et al., Direct energy consumption associated emissions by rural-to-urban migrants in Beijing, Environ. Sci. Technol, vol.49, pp.13708-13715, 2015.

L. R. Henneman, C. Liu, J. A. Mulholland, and A. G. Russell, Evaluating the effectiveness of air quality regulations: A review of accountability studies and frameworks, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc, vol.67, pp.144-172, 2017.

, United Nations Department of Economics and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2014.

, National Health and Family Planning Commission, The Chinese Floating People's Development Report, 2016.

P. Kane and C. Y. Choi, China's one child family policy, BMJ, vol.319, pp.992-994, 1999.

, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, 2000.

. C. Caijing and . Cn, China's rural road length hits 3.3 million km" Caijing, 2010.

S. Guo, M. Hu, M. L. Zamora, J. Peng, D. Shang et al., Elucidating severe urban haze formation in China, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.111, pp.17373-17378, 2014.

R. Huang, Y. Zhang, C. Bozzetti, K. Ho, J. Cao et al., High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China, Nature, vol.514, pp.218-222, 2014.

D. Zhu, S. Tao, R. Wang, H. Shen, Y. Huang et al., Temporal and spatial trends of residential energy consumption and air pollutant emissions in China, Appl. Energy, vol.106, pp.17-24, 2013.

G. R. Timilsina and H. B. , A review of regulatory instruments to control environmental externalities from the transport sector, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series, vol.4867, 2009.

Z. Xiliang and K. R. Smith, Programmes promoting improved household stoves in China, Boiling Point, vol.50, pp.14-16, 2005.

K. W. Chan, The household registration system and migrant labor in China: Notes on a debate, Popul. Dev. Rev, vol.36, pp.357-364, 2010.

C. K. Chan and X. Yao, Air pollution in mega cities in China, Atmos. Environ, vol.42, pp.1-42, 2008.

M. Tan, X. Li, H. Xie, and C. Lu, Urban land expansion and arable land loss in China-A case study of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, Land Use Pol, vol.22, pp.187-196, 2005.

K. C. Seto, B. Güneralp, and L. R. Hutyra, Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.109, pp.16083-16088, 2012.

B. Güneralp, Y. Zhou, D. Ürge-vorsatz, M. Gupta, S. Yu et al., Global scenarios of urban density and its impacts on building energy use through 2050, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, 2017.

D. Normile, China rethinks cities, Science, vol.352, pp.916-918, 2016.

A. Ramaswami, A. G. Russell, P. J. Culligan, K. R. Sharma, and E. Kumar, Meta-principles for developing smart, sustainable, and healthy cities, Science, vol.352, pp.940-943, 2016.

, Version 4 DMSP-OLS Nighttime Lights Time Series, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2013.

Z. Liu, C. He, Q. Zhang, Q. Huang, and Y. Yang, Extracting the dynamics of urban expansion in China using DMSP-OLS nighttime light data from 1992 to, Landsc. Urban Plan, vol.106, pp.62-72, 2008.

, National Geomatics Center of China

K. W. Chan, Misconceptions and complexities in the study of China's cities: Definitions, statistics, and implications, Eurasian Geogr. Econ, vol.48, pp.383-412, 2007.

S. Zhao, D. Zhou, C. Zhu, Y. Sun, W. Wu et al., Spatial and temporal dimensions of urban expansion in China, Environ. Sci. Technol, vol.49, pp.9600-9609, 2015.

C. D. Elvidge, D. Ziskin, K. E. Baugh, B. T. Tuttle, T. Ghosh et al., A fifteen year record of global natural gas flaring derived from satellite data, vol.2, pp.595-622, 2009.

, Subnational Administrative Boundaries, vol.3, 2005.

T. X. Yue, Y. A. Wang, S. P. Chen, J. Y. Liu, D. S. Qiu et al., Numerical simulation of population distribution in China, Popul. Environ, vol.25, pp.141-163, 2003.

, National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China, Census data

, World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, Methodology of the United Nations Population Estimates and Projections (ESA/P/WP.242., United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2015.

, Methods for Projections of Urban and Rural Population, 1974.

, China Energy Statistical Yearbook, 1986.

T. C. Bond, E. Bhardwaj, R. Dong, R. Jogani, S. K. Jung et al., Historical emissions of black and organic carbon aerosol from energyrelated combustion, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, vol.21, p.2018, 2007.

S. S. Su, B. G. Li, S. Y. Cui, and S. Tao, Sulfur dioxide emissions from combustion in China: From, Environ. Sci. Technol, vol.45, pp.8403-8410, 1990.

R. Wang, S. Tao, Y. Balkanski, P. Ciais, O. Boucher et al., Exposure to ambient black carbon derived from a unique inventory and high-resolution model, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.111, pp.2459-2463, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01083676

F. Zhou, Z. Shang, P. Ciais, S. Tao, S. Piao et al., A new high-resolution N 2 O emission inventory for China in 2008, Environ. Sci. Technol, vol.48, pp.8538-8547, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02927240

Y. Huang, H. Shen, Y. Chen, Q. Zhong, H. Chen et al., Global organic carbon emissions from primary sources from, Atmos. Environ, vol.122, pp.505-512, 1960.

, National Development and Reform Commission, Guidelines on Provincial Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory (Trial) (National Development and Reform Commission, 2011.

Z. Lu, Q. Zhang, and D. G. Streets, Sulfur dioxide and primary carbonaceous aerosol emissions in China and India, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.11, pp.9839-9864, 1996.

B. Zhao, S. X. Wang, H. Liu, J. Y. Xu, K. Fu et al., NO x emissions in China: Historical trends and future perspectives, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.13, pp.9869-9897, 2013.

, Carbon Monitoring for Action

, European Commission, Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research

G. A. Grell, S. E. Peckham, R. Schmitz, S. A. Mckeen, G. Frost et al., Fully coupled "online" chemistry within the WRF model, Atmos. Environ, vol.39, pp.6957-6975, 2005.

R. T. Burnett, C. A. Pope, I. , M. Ezzati, C. Olives et al., An integrated risk function for estimating the global burden of disease attributable to ambient fine particulate matter exposure, Environ. Health Perspect, vol.122, pp.397-403, 2014.

, National Health and Family Planning Committee, China Health and Family Planning Statistical Yearbook, 2015.

X. H. Zhou and S. Gao, Confidence intervals for the log-normal mean, Stat. Med, vol.16, pp.783-790, 1997.

H. Y. Zhao, Q. Zhang, D. B. Guan, S. J. Davis, Z. Liu et al., Assessment of China's virtual air pollution transport embodied in trade by using a consumption-based emission inventory, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.15, pp.5443-5456, 2015.

J. J. Zhang and K. R. Smith, Household air pollution from coal and biomass fuels in China: Measurements, health impacts, and interventions, Environ. Health Perspect, vol.115, pp.848-855, 2007.

R. Wang, S. Tao, H. Shen, X. Wang, B. Li et al., Global emission of black carbon from motor vehicles from, Environ. Sci. Technol, vol.46, pp.1278-1284, 1960.

B. Qin and Y. Zhang, Note on urbanization in China: Urban definitions and census data, China Econ. Rev, vol.30, pp.495-502, 2014.

Y. Zhou and L. J. Ma, China's urbanization levels: Reconstructing a baseline from the fifth population census, China Quart, vol.173, pp.176-196, 2003.