Why diamond dimensions and electrode geometry are crucial for small photon beam dosimetry

Fanny Marsolat (1) , Dominique Tromson (1) , Nicolas Tranchant (1) , Michal Pomorski (1) , C.B Bassinet (2) , C.B Huet (2) , S.C Derreumaux (2) , M.D Chea (3) , K.D Cristina (3) , G.D Boisserie (3) , I.E Buchheit (4) , V.E Marchesi (4) , S.F Gaudaire-Josset (5) , A.F Lisbona (5) , Delphine Lazaro-Ponthus (6) , Régis Hugon (6) , Philippe Bergonzo (1)

1 LCD (CEA, LIST) - Laboratoire Capteurs Diamant (CEA, LIST)
2 IRSN - Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire
3 CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP]
4 UNICANCER/ICL - Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine - Alexis Vautrin [Nancy]
5 UNICANCER/ICO - Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest [Angers/Nantes]
6 LM2S (CEA, LIST) - Laboratoire Modélisation et Simulation de Systèmes (CEA, LIST)

Recent use of very small photon beams (down to 4 mm) in stereotactic radiotherapy requires new detectors to accurately determine the delivered dose. Diamond detectors have been presented in the literature as an attractive candidate for this application, due to their small detection volume and the diamond atomic number (Z = 6) which is close to water effective atomic number (Zeff ∼ 7.42). However, diamond exhibits a density 3.51 times greater than that of water and recent studies using Monte Carlo simulations have demonstrated the drawback of a high-density detector on small beam output factors. The current study focuses on geometrical parameters of diamond detector, namely, the diamond dimensions and the electrode geometry, in order to solve the dosimetric issues still observed in small photon beams with diamond detectors. To give better insights to these open questions, we have used both computational method and experimental analysis. This study highlighted that reducing diamond dimensions is crucial for small beam output factor measurements and to limit the influence of its high density. Furthermore, electrodes covering the whole diamond surface were essential for a dose rate independence of the diamond detector. The optimal dosimeter derived from this work presented small diamond dimensions of approximately 1 × 1 × 0.15 mm$^3$, with diamond-like-carbon electrodes covering the whole diamond surface. A dose rate independence of this diamond detector (better than 0.5% over a wide range of dose rates available on a stereotactic dedicated facility) was obtained due to the electrode geometry. Concerning the output factor measurements, a good agreement (better than 1.1%) was observed between this carbon material detector and two types of passive dosimeters (LiF microcubes and EBT2 radiochromic films) for all beam sizes except the smallest field of 0.6 × 0.6 cm$^2$ with a deviation of 2.6%. This new study showed the high performance of this diamond detector in small photon beams, in comparison with various commercially available passive and active dosimeters.

Mots clés: nuclear instrumentation; instrumentation; Particle beams; Stereotactic radiotherapy; Radiochromic film; Semiconductor detectors; Ionization chamber; Diode; Output factor measurements; Monte Carlo; Photoelectrons; Intelligent systems; Geometry; Experimental analysis; Electrodes; Electrode geometries; Effective atomic number; Dosimetry; Dosimeter; Diamond; Diamond like carbon; Carbon films; Atoms; Passive dosimeter; Photons; Computational methods; Carbon-based materials; I-V characteristics; Chemical elements; Radiography; stereotactic radiotherapy; radiotherapy; sensor; detector; diamond detector

Domaines: Micro et nanotechnologies/Microélectronique; Médecine nucléaire; Instrumentations et Détecteurs [physics.ins-det]

Fanny Marsolat, Dominique Tromson, Nicolas Tranchant, Michal Pomorski, C.B Bassinet, et al.. Why diamond dimensions and electrode geometry are crucial for small photon beam dosimetry. Journal of Applied Physics, 2015, 118 (23), pp.234507. ⟨10.1063/1.4937994⟩. ⟨cea-01719960⟩