Stabilization of Mixed Frenkel-Charge Transfer Excitons Extended Across Both Strands of Guanine–Cytosine DNA Duplexes
Abstract
The photoreactive pathways that may lead to DNA damage depend crucially upon the nature of the excited electronic states. The study of alternating guanine–cytosine duplexes by fluorescence spectroscopy and quantum mechanical calculations identifies a novel type of excited states that can be populated following UVB excitation. These states, denoted High-energy Emitting Long-lived Mixed (HELM) states, extend across both strands and arise from mixing between cytosine Frenkel excitons and guanine-to-cytosine charge transfer states. They emit at energies higher than ππ* states localized on single bases, survive for several nanoseconds, are sensitive to the ionic strength of the solution, and are strongly affected by the structural transition from the B form to the Z form. Their impact on the formation of lesions of the genetic code needs to be assessed.