J. Ball, T. Woodrow, and J. Berry, A model predicting stomatal conductance and its contribution to the control of photosynthesis under different environmental conditions, vol.4, pp.221-224, 1987.

V. Bellassen, L. Maire, G. Dhote, J. F. Viovy, N. Ciais et al., Modeling forest management within a global vegetation model -Part 1: model structure and general behaviour, Ecological Modelling, vol.221, pp.2458-2474, 2010.

V. Bellassen, N. Delbart, L. Maire, G. Viovy, N. Luyssaert et al., Potential knowledge gain in large-scale simulations of carbon fluxes from remotely sensed biomass and height, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.261, pp.515-530, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00827597

V. Bellassen, L. Maire, G. Guin, O. Dhote, J. F. Viovy et al., Modeling forest management within a global vegetation model -Part 2: model validation from tree to continental scale, Ecological Modelling, vol.222, pp.57-75, 2011.

A. Botta, N. Viovy, P. Ciais, P. Friedlingstein, and P. Monfray, A global prognostic scheme of leaf onset using satellite data, Global Change Biology, vol.6, pp.709-725, 2000.

H. Bottcher, W. A. Kurz, and A. Freibauer, Accounting of forest carbon sinks and sources under a future climate protocol-factoring out past disturbance and management effects on age-class structure, Environmental Science & Policy, vol.11, pp.669-686, 2008.

M. F. Buchroithner, G. Buttner, C. Steenmans, M. Bossard, J. Feranec et al., Land Cover -Land use mapping within the European CORINE programme, Remote Sensing for Environmental Data in Albania: A Strategy for Integrated Management, pp.89-100, 2000.

G. Churkina, S. Zaehle, and J. Hughes, Interactions between nitrogen deposition, land cover conversion, and climate change determine the contemporary carbon balance of Europe, Biogeosciences, vol.7, pp.2749-2764, 2010.

P. Ciais, M. J. Schelhaas, and S. Zaehle, Carbon accumulation in European forests, Nature Geoscience, vol.1, pp.425-429, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02888574

P. Ciais, S. L. Piao, P. Cadule, P. Friedlingstein, and A. Chedin, Variability and recent trends in the African terrestrial carbon balance, Biogeosciences, vol.6, pp.1935-1948, 2009.

G. J. Collatz, M. Ribas-carbo, and J. A. Berry, coupled photosynthesis-stomatal conductance model for leaves of C4 plants, Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, vol.19, pp.519-538, 1992.

H. Davi, E. Dufrene, and C. Francois, Sensitivity of water and carbon fluxes to climate changes from 1960 to 2100 in European forest ecosystems, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.141, pp.35-56, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02668778

M. Deheza and V. Bellassen, Getting Carbon Value out of the Forestry and Wood Sector in Annex I Countries: The French Example, CDC Climat Research, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01151442

C. Deleuze, O. Pain, J. F. Dhote, and J. C. Herve, A flexible radial increment model for individual trees in pure even-aged stands, Annals of Forest Science, vol.61, pp.327-335, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00883761

A. R. Desai, P. R. Moorcroft, P. V. Bolstad, and K. J. Davis, Regional carbon fluxes from an observationally constrained dynamic ecosystem model: impacts of disturbance, CO2 fertilization, and heterogeneous land cover, Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences, vol.112, p.1017, 2007.

J. Dhô-te and J. Hervé, Changements de productivité dans quatre forêts de chênes sessiles depuis 1930: une approche au niveau du peuplement, Annals of Forest Science, vol.57, pp.651-680, 2000.

J. Eggers, M. Lindner, S. Zudin, S. Zaehle, and J. Lisk, Impact of changing wood demand, climate and land use on European forest resources and carbon stocks during the 21st century, Global Change Biology, vol.14, pp.2288-2303, 2008.

. Fao, FAO Forestry Paper, FAO, Rome. FAO (2010) FAOSTAT, statistical database of the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), 2005.

G. D. Farquhar, S. V. Caemmerer, and J. A. Berry, A biochemical-model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C-3 species, Planta, vol.149, pp.78-90, 1980.

P. Friedlingstein, J. G. Field, C. B. Fung, and I. Y. , Toward an allocation scheme for global terrestrial carbon models, Global Change Biology, vol.5, pp.755-770, 1999.

P. Friedlingstein, P. Cox, and R. Betts, Climate-carbon cycle feedback analysis: results from the (CMIP)-M-4 model intercomparison, Journal of Climate, vol.19, pp.3337-3353, 2006.

H. Gallaun, G. Zanchi, G. J. Nabuurs, G. Hengeveld, M. Schardt et al., EUwide maps of growing stock and above-ground biomass in forests based on remote sensing and field measurements, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.260, pp.252-261, 2010.

S. Gervois, P. Ciais, D. Noblet-ducoudre, N. Brisson, N. Vuichard et al., Carbon and water balance of European croplands throughout the 20th century, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, p.22, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00716545

M. Gloor, O. L. Phillips, and J. J. Lloyd, Does the disturbance hypothesis explain the biomass increase in basin-wide Amazon forest plot data?, Global Change Biology, vol.15, pp.2418-2430, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032162

S. Gold, A Better Information Base. Geneva Forest and Timber discussion paper, UNECE-FAO, 1950.

R. G. Harrison, C. D. Jones, and J. K. Hughes, Competing roles of rising CO 2 and climate change in the contemporary European carbon balance, Biogeosciences, vol.5, pp.1-10, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00297661

B. A. Hungate, J. S. Dukes, M. R. Shaw, Y. Q. Luo, and C. B. Field, Nitrogen and climate change, Science, vol.302, pp.1512-1513, 2003.

A. Jalkanen, R. Makipaa, G. Stahl, A. Lehtonen, and H. Petersson, Estimation of the biomass stock of trees in Sweden: comparison of biomass equations and agedependent biomass expansion factors, Annals of Forest Science, vol.62, pp.845-851, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00883935

I. A. Janssens, W. Dieleman, and S. Luyssaert, Reduction of forest soil respiration in response to nitrogen deposition, Nature Geoscience, vol.3, pp.315-322, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/cea-00853609

A. Jones, L. Montanarella, and R. Jones, Soil Atlas of Europe, Joint Research Centre, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01123218

M. Jung, M. Vetter, and M. Herold, Uncertainties of modeling gross primary productivity over Europe: a systematic study on the effects of using different drivers and terrestrial biosphere models, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, p.21, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01788252

E. Kalnay, M. Kanamitsu, and R. Kistler, The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.77, pp.437-471, 1996.

T. Karjalainen, A. Pussinen, J. Liski, G. J. Nabuurs, T. Eggers et al., Scenario analysis of the impacts of forest management and climate change on the European forest sector carbon budget, Forest Policy and Economics, vol.5, pp.141-155, 2003.

G. Krinner, N. Viovy, D. Noblet-ducoudre, and N. , A dynamic global vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.19, p.44, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02865384

W. A. Kurz and M. J. Apps, A 70-year retrospective analysis of carbon fluxes in the Canadian forest sector, Ecological Applications, vol.9, pp.526-547, 1999.

K. Kuusela, Forest Resources in Europe/Kullervo Kuusela, 1994.

L. Quere, C. Raupach, M. R. Canadell, and J. G. , Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide, Nature Geoscience, vol.2, pp.831-836, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00760186

M. Liberloo, S. Luyssaert, and V. Bellassen, Bio-energy retains its mitigation potential under elevated CO 2, PLOS-one, vol.5, pp.1-1648, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01149952

M. Lindner, W. Lucht, O. Bouriaud, T. Green, and I. Janssens, Specific Study on Forest Greenhouse Gas Budget. CarboEurope-GHG, 2004.

Y. Q. Luo, D. Gerten, L. Maire, and G. , Modeled interactive effects of precipitation, temperature, and CO2 on ecosystem carbon and water dynamics in different climatic zones, Global Change Biology, vol.14, pp.1986-1999, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01757161

S. Luyssaert, E. D. Schulze, and A. Borner, Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks, Nature, vol.455, pp.213-215, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/cea-00910763

S. Luyssaert, P. Ciais, and S. L. Piao, The European carbon balance. Part 3: forests, Global Change Biology, vol.16, pp.1429-1450, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02667270

R. Milne and M. Van-oijen, A comparison of two modelling studies of environmental effects on forest carbon stocks across Europe, Annals of Forest Science, vol.62, pp.911-923, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00883942

G. J. Nabuurs, M. J. Schelhaas, and A. Pussinen, Validation of the European Forest Information Scenario Model (EFISCEN) and a projection of Finnish forests, Silva Fennica, vol.34, pp.167-179, 2000.

G. J. Nabuurs, A. Pussinen, T. Karjalainen, M. Erhard, and K. Kramer, Stemwood volume increment changes in European forests due to climate change -a simulation study with the EFISCEN model, Global Change Biology, vol.8, pp.304-316, 2002.

R. J. Norby, J. M. Warren, C. M. Iversen, B. E. Medlyn, and R. E. Mcmurtrie, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.107, pp.19368-19373, 2010.

S. L. Piao, P. Friedlingstein, P. Ciais, L. M. Zhou, and A. P. Chen, Effect of climate and CO 2 changes on the greening of the Northern Hemisphere over the past two decades, Geophysical Research Letters, p.33, 2006.

J. Pongratz, C. H. Reick, T. Raddatz, and M. Claussen, Effects of anthropogenic land cover change on the carbon cycle of the last millennium, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.23, p.13, 2009.

A. Pussinen, G. J. Nabuurs, and H. Wieggers, Modelling long-term impacts of environmental change on mid-and high-latitude European forests and options for adaptive forest management, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.258, pp.1806-1813, 2009.

L. H. Reineke, Perfecting a stand-density index for even-aged forests, Journal of Agricultural Research, vol.46, pp.627-638, 1933.

M. J. Schelhaas, , 2010.

M. J. Schelhaas, G. J. Nabuurs, and A. Schuck, Natural disturbances in the European forests in the 19th and 20th centuries, Global Change Biology, vol.9, pp.1620-1633, 2003.

M. J. Schelhaas, S. Varis, A. Schuck, and G. J. Nabuurs, EFISCEN Inventory Database, 2006.

C. Schulp, G. J. Nabuurs, and P. H. Verburg, Future carbon sequestration in Europeeffects of land use change, Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, vol.127, pp.251-264, 2008.

E. D. Schulze, P. Ciais, and S. Luyssaert, The European carbon balance. Part 4: integration of carbon and other trace-gas fluxes, Global Change Biology, vol.16, pp.1451-1469, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02667270

E. Shevliakova, S. W. Pacala, and S. Malyshev, Carbon cycling under 300 years of land use change: importance of the secondary vegetation sink, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 23. Swedish National Forest Inventory, 2009.

E. Thurig and M. J. Schelhaas, Evaluation of a large-scale forest scenario model in heterogeneous forests: a case study for Switzerland, Canadian Journal of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere, vol.36, pp.671-683, 2006.

. Unfccc, Documentation to facilitate negotiations among Parties, 2010.

M. Vetter, C. Wirth, H. Bottcher, G. Churkina, E. D. Schulze et al., Partitioning direct and indirect human-induced effects on carbon sequestration of managed coniferous forests using model simulations and forest inventories, Global Change Biology, vol.11, pp.810-827, 2005.

M. Vetter, G. Churkina, and M. Jung, Analyzing the causes and spatial pattern of the European 2003 carbon flux anomaly using seven models, Biogeosciences, vol.5, pp.561-583, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00330703

A. Wolf, P. Ciais, V. Bellassen, N. Delbart, C. B. Field et al., Forest biomass allometry in global land surface models, Global Biogeochemical Cycles
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01050528

S. Zaehle and A. D. Friend, Carbon and nitrogen cycle dynamics in the O-CN land surface model: 1. Model description, site-scale evaluation, and sensitivity to parameter estimates, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, p.24, 2010.

S. Zaehle, S. Sitch, B. Smith, and F. Hatterman, Effects of parameter uncertainties on the modeling of terrestrial biosphere dynamics, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, p.19, 2005.

S. Zaehle, S. Sitch, and P. Ic, The importance of age-related decline in forest NPP for modeling regional carbon balances, Ecological Applications, vol.16, pp.1555-1574, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01757238

S. Zaehle, A. Bondeau, and T. R. Carter, Projected changes in terrestrial carbon storage in Europe under climate and land-use change, Ecosystems, vol.10, pp.380-401, 1990.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01757189

S. Zaehle, A. D. Friend, P. Friedlingstein, F. Dentener, P. Peylin et al., Carbon and nitrogen cycle dynamics in the O-CN land surface model: 2. Role of the nitrogen cycle in the historical terrestrial carbon balance, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, p.24, 2010.

M. Zhao, S. W. Running, and R. R. Nemani, Sensitivity of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) terrestrial primary production to the accuracy of meteorological reanalyses, Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences, vol.111, 2006.